Architectural Association School of Architecture Spatial Performance & Design History & Critical Thinking Architecture and Urban Design (Projective Cities) Professional Practice and Practical Experience (ARB/RIBA Part 3) History & Theory Studies MPhil in Media Practices Autumn Semester ProgrammeLittle ArchitectMakeLabPowerstockRobotic FabricationsSpring Semester programmeSummer DLABSummer Schoolt-sa forum x AA BaliBangkokBeijingBengaluruCebuChengduHong KongKoshirakura/Tokyo PunePyongyangSeoulShanghaiUnknown FieldsVietnamWuhanXixinan AmazonBuenos AiresGuatemalaHaiti FallHaiti SummerHawaiiLas PozasLos AngelesMexico CitySan FranciscoSantiagoSão Paulo Material Life II: Transformative Envelope Intermediate 7 works along the notion of applied research, engaging directly with the materiality of architecture and the practical application of science and technology in the design process. Innovations in material science, manufacturing technology and computation offer new ways of organising

structures and simulating their performative output within dynamic environments.high side on ac unit We continue our research on understanding the building envelope as thehow can i tell what size my ac unit is catalyst for organisational, material, economic and representational aspectshow to build an ac unit Focusing on the transformative qualities of matter and, in particular, the integration into the building envelope of movement and motion control, the unit will develop both active and passive systems to address the growing need for a resilient built environment. Form can be shaped by the interaction of an envelope with its environment. While its geometry is described by Cartesian coordinates, the thermo-fluid environment for which it is designed

contributes to its shape. A boat hull, for example, does not change in shape but its topology is designed to address a multiplicity of vectors that determine its movement in space. Similarly, the architectural envelope can be designed to respond to specific dynamic scenarios - whether the building remains static or its component parts are in motion. The envelope seeks the boundary of architecture, whether this is defined by its interior organisation or by the nature of the surrounding environment. We will test the transformational capacity of building envelopes through a series of prototypical projects addressing the housing shortage in the SanIn Silicon Valley 90,000 new units of affordable housing will have to be built over the next 20 years to meet growing demand. develop new functional and flexible urban typologies to address this challenge. We will test ideas in a workshop environment, through the developmentWe will experiment with manufacturing processes,

material and computation in order to create new functional, resilient and Marco Vanucci is founding director of OPENSYSTEMS Architecture. He studied architecture in Italy and the UK and worked for Zaha Hadid Architects and AKTII, where he was involved in many seminal projects at the intersection of computational design, engineering and fabrication. He has lectured internationally, led workshops and taught at KTH in Stockholm. His works have been published and exhibited throughout Europe and North America. AA School of Architecture Admissions (Undergraduate) T: +44 (0)20 7887 4051 F: +44 (0)20 7414 0779 The AA has undergone an educational oversight monitoring visit by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) and have received its final report, which is available in full at: The monitoring visit resulted in the following outcome: The QAA monitoring team has concluded that we are making commendable progress in implementing the action plan from the Review for Educational Oversight.

The Historical Research Unit aims to facilitate and promote historical research in a range of areas across the university and beyond. It both provides a supportive environment for the development of research capabilities in historical research, and highlights historical research at the University of Waikato by identifying several strong areas of research expertise, both locally and internationally. These include historical biography, environmental history, health history, Māori and iwi history, oral history, intellectual history, as well as local and regional histories, and approaches to historical theory and method. The Unit will also offer some advice on commissioned public history research projects, where these relate to areas of staff expertise. It will provide some professional advice on how to plan historical and other heritage-related projects. The Unit has the capacity to bring together a range of professionals, including historians, heritage consultants, archaeologists, architects, planners, editors, artists, designers and publishers, to work on special project needs.

The Unit is supported by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. The major research themes of the unit are as follows: historical biography, environmental & garden history, health history, Māori & iwi history, oral history, intellectual history, local & regional history, theory & method HRU Seminars + Public Lectures HRU News + Events NZ Journal of Public History Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences The University of WaikatoWho hasn't sung the praises of air conditioning on a sweltering summer day? But who do you have to thank for this refreshing convenience? The short answer to that question is Willis Carrier, an American engineer credited with inventing the first modern air conditioner. However, the idea of using evaporated water — or other liquids — to cool off a muggy space far precedes Carrier's 1902 invention. The first known systems that used water to cool indoor spaces were created by the ancient Egyptians, who lowered the temperature in their homes by hanging wet mats over their doorways.

The evaporated water from the wet mats reduced indoor air temperatures and added refreshing moisture to the dry desert air. Not long after the Egyptians beat the heat with their doorway mats, the Romans developed a primitive air conditioning system by utilizing their famous aqueducts to circulate fresh water through indoor pipes, a method that significantly reduced the air temperature inside stuffy villas. Of course, it wasn't until long after the Romans had their time in the sun that the principles of modern air conditioning were developed. In 1758, American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin, along with John Hadley, a professor at Cambridge University, began experimenting with the refrigerating effects of certain liquids. In previous studies, Franklin had determined that the refrigerating effects of a liquid are related to how quickly it evaporates. He and Hadley expanded on this finding by using ether and a bellows to cool down a mercury thermometer to 25 degrees below freezing.

This experiment prompted Franklin to remark in his journal about the possibility of freezing to death, even on a warm summer's day. This observation by Franklin was a foreshadowing of things to come. In 1820, British inventor Michael Faraday was also experimenting with the refrigeration properties of gases when he discovered that, by compressing and liquidizing ammonia and then allowing it to evaporate, he could cool the air inside his laboratory. Several decades after Faraday made his discovery with ammonia, a Florida physician named John Gorrie developed a machine to keep yellow fever patients cool. Gorrie's machine used compressed air and water to create an open cooling system. Patented in 1851, Gorrie's "cold air machine" was the first patented invention that facilitated mechanical refrigeration, as well as the first to resemble a modern air conditioner. But it wasn't until 1902 that the history of air conditioning really began to heat up. In that year, a young engineer named Willis Carrier was tasked with the chore of creating a system for treating the air at the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company in Brooklyn, N.Y. Printing company executives found that excessive humidity at its printing plant wreaked havoc on the color register used for fine, multi-color printing.

By 1903, Carrier had designed a system of chilled coils that maintained a constant, and comfortable, humidity of 55 percent inside the Sackett-Wilhelms printing plant — the equivalent of using 108,000 pounds of ice daily to cool the plant. The modern air conditioner was born. [See also: Science of Summer: How Does Air Conditioning Work?] Not long after Carrier invented his game-changing air conditioning machine, a mill engineer named Stuart Cramer created a similar ventilating device to add water vapor to the stifling air inside of textile plants. While Cramer was the second person to develop such a device, he was the first to coin the term "air conditioning" to describe the purpose of his invention. Air conditioning continued to be used in plants and mills throughout the early 1900s, but it wasn't until 1914 that this modern convenience was installed for the first time in a private home. In that year, a Minneapolis millionaire named Charles Gates hired Carrier to install an air conditioner in his mansion.