Volume 82, October 2014, Pages 550–562 A review of fault detection and diagnosis methodologies on air-handling unitsa b Received 21 February 2014, Revised 3 June 2014, Accepted 25 June 2014, Available online 3 July 2014•We review fault detection and diagnosis on air-handling units.•Analytical based approaches are categorized and introduced.•Background, FDD framework and typical faults in AHUs are presented.•Ten desirable characteristics are introduced for evaluating the methods.•The main FDD methods and hybrid approaches are explained.Faults occurring in improper routine operations and poor preventive maintenance of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems (HVAC&R) equipment result in excessive energy consumption. An air-handling unit (AHU) is one of the most extensively operated equipment in large commercial buildings. This device is typically customized and lacks of quality system integration, which can result in hardware failures and controller errors.

This paper aims to provide a systematic review of existing fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods for an AHU therefore inspire new approaches with high performance in reality. For this goal, the background of AHU systems, general FDD framework and typical faults in AHUs, is described. Ten desirable characteristics used in a review of FDD in chemical process control are introduced to evaluate the methodologies and results. A new categorization method is proposed to better interpret the different and most recent approaches. The main FDD methodologies and hybrid approaches are described and commented to illustrate the use of evaluation standard parameters for improving the performance of FDD on AHUs.Keywords; ; ; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. Our industrial and commercial customers, primarily the owners and builders of office buildings, manufacturing, retail facilities, schools and hospitals, can be found from California to Connecticut.  Examples below represent only a minimal sample of Temtrol’s air handling versatility.

Rice University—Lovett Hall Rice University’s oldest and most historic building, Lovett Hall, was built in 1911. Due to its architectural style and age, replacing the outdated air handling unit was a major challenge. The answer was a Temtrol FANWALL retrofit, brought in through a protected entry at the front of the building. Rice University had typical concerns about this retrofit project in which a 20,000 cfm air handler would be installed. The only access was through a 34-inch, historic, irreplaceable door, then down narrow stairs into a basement, under a pipe rack with only four feet of clearance, and then into a crowded mechanical room. The project was completed within a tight schedule without disturbing the administrative staff, all during the hot, humid Houston summer.  Lakewood Ranch Medical Center Thirteen units were designed to comply with the “High Velocity Hurricane Zone of the Southern Building Code” and approved by the “Miami-Dade County Product Control Division.”

Unit design criteria included the following minimum standards: DCBCCD PA 201-94 Large and Small Missile Impact, PA 202-94 Air and Water Infiltration, PA 202-94 Static Air Pressure Test (Design Load +/- 100 psf), and PA 203-94 Fatigue Loading Test (Design Load +/- 100 psf). Kiowa County Memorial Hospital On May 4, 2007, a massive twister ravaged Greensburg, Kansas, devastating the community of more than 1,500 residents. top central air conditioner brands canadaThe tragic storm, classified as the most severe possible, reduced the midwestern landscape to rubble and tree stumps. high efficiency ac unit costIn the aftermath, officials declared 95% of the city destroyed. my ac unit not coolingHowever, for the inhabitants of the small Kansas farming town, the impact created the perfect opportunity for remarkable revival rooted in green technology as it began to rebuild.

The rebuilding efforts of the community were exemplified in its medical facility, Kiowa County Memorial Hospital (KCMH), a Critical Access Hospital (CAH). The rebuilt KCMH includes energy efficiency, sustainability, and use of recycled materials. The cutting-edge solutions for HVAC technology included Temtrol rooftop air handling units. Decisions regarding these elements are intended to make KCMH a LEED platinum certified Critical Access Hospital. Our Children's House at Baylor The owner of 57,000 sq ft healthcare building wanted redundancy in fan capability for an air handler serving critical surgical area of children's healthcare facility. Budget constraints and advanced construction schedule made adding additional full-sized fan or air handler impractical. Solution: FANWALL TECHNOLOGY®, which allowed the single fan to be replaced with a multiple-fan array engineered for this specific application. Unit moves 13,615 cfm at a total static pressure of 7.25 inches, providing abundant supply air at variable temperatures down to 60°F and below.

Additional benefits include lower acoustic levels and improved airflow through coil and filters. Read our case study   The National Weather Center—Norman, OK The National Weather Center, located in Norman, Oklahoma, is a state-of-the-art facility for research, operations, education, and training. It is a joint project between The University of Oklahoma and The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Each unit has four inch, double wall construction for low cabinet-radiated sound power. Sound and performance was verified at the Nortek Air Solutions Test Lab. The unit that serves the critical operations center was built with total redundancy. Dell Children's Medical Center When Dell Children's Medical Center began the development of its new facility in Austin, Texas, the organization established a compelling vision: to heal children without harming the environment. That's no easy task for a power-intensive industry like healthcare. The 500,000 square foot facility that opened in July 2007 achieved its mission through sustainable design, green materials, and energy-efficient systems.

Air handlers from Temtrol support the organization's green initiatives. In addition, Dell Children's Medical Center recently installed a Temtrol unit with FANWALL TECHNOLOGY that manages critical ventilation in a 6,500 square foot intra-operative MRI surgical area. In March 2009, the U.S. Green Building Council recognized Dell Children's Medical Center with LEED-Platinum certification, the highest of its four achievement levels for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The facility is the world's first LEED-Platinum hospital. Read our case study Presbyterian Hospital—M.O.B. Temtrol’s challenge was to manufacture a multiple-piece air handling unit, maintain a tolerance of less than one inch between two existing stairwells and match the building’s exterior facade. The unit was nine piece rooftop, weighed 91,000 pounds, and measures 1,096 inches in length. The rooftop unit was painted a custom color to match the architectural design of the hospital.    Encore Wire Research and Development When Encore Wire, a manufacturer of copper electrical wire and cable was ready to expand, they knew they wanted sustainability to feature prominently in the design of their new building.