Sales of air conditioners have exploded worldwide over the last few years, driven by middle-income countries where households and businesses are buying air conditioners at startling rates. My colleagues Max and Catherine have written about China, for example, where sales of air conditioners have nearly doubled over the last 5 years. In 2013 alone there were 64 million air conditioners sold in China, more than eight times as many as were sold in the United States. In a new paper coming out this week in PNAS, Paul Gertler and I examine the enormous global potential for air conditioning. The paper is available here. Household incomes are rising around the world and global temperatures are increasing. Both factors will drive increased adoption of air conditioners. This is mostly good news. Air conditioning will bring relief to the more than three billion people who live in the tropics and subtropics. However, meeting the increased demand for electricity will also be an enormous challenge requiring trillions of dollars of infrastructure investments and potentially resulting in billions of tons of increased carbon dioxide emissions.

Our evidence comes from analyzing rich microdata from Mexico, a country with an unusually varied climate ranging from hot and humid tropical to arid deserts to high-altitude plateaus. As the figure below illustrates, we find little air conditioning in cool areas of the country, at all income levels. Even at high income levels saturation never exceeds 10%. In warm areas the pattern is very different. Saturation begins low but then increases steadily with income to near 80%. In gray is the distribution of annual household income. We combine our estimates with economic and temperature change forecasts to predict future air conditioning adoption in Mexico. Under conservative assumptions about income growth, our model predicts near universal saturation of air conditioning in all warm areas within just a few decades. Temperature increases contribute to this surge in adoption, but income growth by itself explains most of the increase. To get some sense of the global implications, the table below lists the top 12 countries in terms of air conditioning potential, defined as the product of population and cooling degree days (CDDs).

Excluding the United States, the list is dominated by middle- and low-income countries with warm climates. A total of almost 4 billion people live in these 11 countries, subject to an average of 2,700 annual CDDs.air handling unit room size Take India, for example. monthly cost of window ac unitCompared with the United States, India has four times the population, but also more than three times as many CDDs per person. air conditioning units for the officeThus, India’s total potential demand for cooling is 12+ times that of the United States. India already experiences frequent brownouts and blackouts, as Catherine blogged about here, which would be exacerbated by increased air conditioning if infrastructure does not keep apace of demand.

What air conditioning will mean for electricity consumption and carbon dioxide emissions depends on the pace of technological change. Continued advances in energy-efficiency or the development of new cooling technologies could reduce the energy consumption impacts substantially. Similarly, growth in low-carbon electricity generation could mitigate the increases in carbon dioxide emissions. The future pattern of air conditioning adoption will also reflect what happens to prices. Equipment prices are likely to continue to decrease, which would further accelerate adoption. What will happen to electricity prices is less clear. A substantial increase in electricity prices, for example, resulting from carbon legislation, would slow both adoption and use. Finally, there are broader adaptations that over a long time period could substantially reduce the need for air conditioning. Previous studies have found that people move away from regions affected by extreme temperature, so migration could mitigate the need for air conditioning.

Demand for cooling also depends on how we build our homes and businesses, norms that can evolve over time in response to changes in climate as well as the availability and cost of cooling technologies. The continual increase in global incomes means people are living more comfortably. This should be celebrated. But at the same time, it also means real challenges for electricity infrastructure and the global environment. We need an “all-hands-on-deck” approach including aggressive funding for innovation, efficient pricing of energy, and evidence-based environmental policies. We need efficient markets if we are going to stay cool without heating up the planet.Community Home Repair Projects of ArizonaServices Offered and How to QualifyWhat We DoEmergency Home Repairs — Tucson and Pima CountyThis program provides for repairs such as roof repair, heating and cooling repairs and replacements, gas, water and drain plumbing, electrical repairs, doors and windows, and water heaters. Site-built homes, town houses, condominiums, and mobile homes are eligible, as long as they are owner-occupied.

Adaptive construction / Safety equipment — Tucson and Pima CountyWe install wheelchair ramps, bathroom safety equipment such as grab bars, tub rails, transfer benches, toilet safety frames and hand-held showers. We make adaptations such as door widenings and tub-to-shower conversions.Safe Place to Grow Program — Tucson and Pima CountyThis program offers a wide variety of home repair services to assist children and their families. Repairs generally fall into one or more of the following three categories: work done to safeguard the physical safety of a child in the home, work done to improve the quality of life or comfort of a child, and/or work done to increase a home’s affordability. Our top priority is repair work that safeguards children's physical safety. Home Safety for Low-Income Veterans Program —Tucson and Pima CountyWorking to support veterans to live in comfortable and healthy housing, this program provides safety and accessibility modifications and emergency home repairs for low-income veterans in Pima County.

Projects include building wheelchair ramps for disabled veterans, completing heating/cooling repairs, and addressing other critical home safety hazards. Toilet Replacement Project — Tucson Water customersThis project is offered to enable low-to-moderate income households to participate in water conservation efforts being undertaken by the City of Tucson and Tucson Water. The program offers free replacement of older toilets which consume 3.5 or more gallons per flush. Toilets qualifying for replacement are typically manufactured before 1991. The date of manufacture is generally stamped inside the tank of lid of the toilet. The program provides an American Standard Cadet 3 high efficiency toilet and hardware, as well as installation, at no cost. To apply for this program, click here. What We Don't DoCommunity Home Repair is a non-profit organization with limited resources. We strive to focus those resources on essential and critical repairs that support the health and safety of our clients.

We are unable to assist with any of the following:PaintingRemodeling projects Repairs to porches and carportsRemove or replace floor coverings (tile, carpet, linoleum, etc)Mold abatement or removal"Updating" housing components based on ageWeatherization (insulating, caulking, weatherstripping)Drywall repairAppliance repair (dishwashers, washing machines, stoves, refrigerators, garbage disposals, etc.) Repair of irrigation systemsWork on rental propertyAC RepairEligibility GuidelinesAll of our programs are designed to assist low-income homeowners with urgently needed assistance, with an eye towards helping people live safely and affordably in their own homes.Applicants must meet income guidelines, be the owner of the home they occupy, and fill out an application for the program. We require verification of income in the form of Social Security award letters, pay stubs, and/or direct-deposit bank statements. We are happy to help applicants fill out the application and navigate the paperwork.