Tons that are units of mass. metric ton or tonne Tons that are units of capacity. Most of these arise from the way carriers bill for the transport of goods. United States shipping ton Panama Canal net ton Tons that measure neither mass nor capacity standard ton of refrigeration United States commercial ton of British commercial ton of tonnes of oil equivalent In Great Britain and Pakistan, 2,240 pounds (1016.047 kg). It is equal to 20 hundredweights, each of 112 pounds. In the United States, “ton” usually refers to 2000 pounds, and the 2240-pound ton is called a “long ton.” The long ton is prinicipally used for anthracite coal. The ton, which is nominally of 1680 kin, and sometimes of 1700 kin. If made equal to the British ton of 2240 lbs. its value must approximate 1693.44 kin. In the Japanese coal trade, 10,000 kin are considered to be the equivalent of 6 tons.¹ 1. E. J. Blockhuys.

Vade-Mecum of Modern Metrical Units. 17th edition, revised and enlarged. In the United States, a unit of mass, approximately 29.1667 grams. of milligrams of precious metal in 1 assay ton of the ore being tested is equal to the number of troy ounces of pure precious metal in one 2000-pound av. ton of the ore. 1. In descriptive material the abbreviation for “assay ton” should be written A. T. U. S. Dept of Commerce.National Bureau of Standards.outside ac unit runs constantly Precision Laboratory Standards of Mass annd Laboratory Weights.wall ac unit not cold NBS Circular 547, sec. 1.air conditioning unit whole houseUnits and Abbreviations for Marking Weights. A measure of the carrying capacity of a ship, the number of long tons (of

2240 pounds av) it can float. In South Africa, , 2,000 between long tons and other major units of mass. In the United States, 2,240 pounds (1016.047 kg). The short ton (2,000 pounds) has always been the usual ton inThe long ton was principally used for anthracite coal (in Pennsylvania), for certain iron and steel products in bulk, and in estimating Coal Miners’ Pocketbook, 13th ed. pages 5-6. between short tons and other major units of mass. In the United States, 2,000 pounds. between metric tons and other major units of mass.By the original concept for defining masses in the metric system, a metric ton would be the mass of a cubic meter of water. In England, , a unit of capacity for wine, = 252 gallons. For a law of defining the ton at this capacity, see 1 Richard III, chapter 13. A unit used in describing the cargo capacity of a ship, = 100 cubic feet (approximately 2.83 cubic meters). Called a tonneau de tonneau de mer is 1.44 cubic meters (about 1.88 cubic yards).

U.S. Revised Statutes, 4153 (a1909). The volume occupied by a long ton of seawater, about 35 cubic feet. A unit of capacity used in billing ships for their passage through the Panama Canal, = 100 cubic feet. In the early 1990's, for a laden ship the fee was $2.21 per Panama Canal net ton.¹ The British shipping ton, a unit of capacity, = 42 cubic feet. The United States shipping ton = 40 cubic feet, another name for the In the United States, 40 cubic feet. A common practice is to bill for shipping by volume unless a freight ton of the product shipped weighs more than 1 short ton, in which case the shipping charge is based on weight. measurement ton or United States shipping ton. In the United Kingdom, 224 imperial gallons. Units used in refrigeration and air conditioning. between the commercial ton of refrigeration and other major units of power. In the United States, one commercial ton of refrigeration is a rate of extraction of 200

BtuIST per minute (3516.857 joules per second), or in other terms, the rate that will freeze one short ton of ice of specific latent heat 144 BtuIT per pound in 24 hours from water at the same temperature. Symbol CTR, or CTR(US). The U.S. standard ton of refrigeration describes an amount of cooling, not a rate. One standard ton = 288,000 Btuist removed, which is approximately the cooling provided by melting 2009.1 pounds ofExtracting heat at the rate of 1 commercial ton of refrigeration results in a standard ton removed each day. commercial ton of refrigeration resembles the American except that it is based on a long ton (2240 pounds) ofAbout 3922.696721 joules per second. 1 CTR(UK) = 1.1154 between tons of TNT and other major units of energy. A unit of energy used to describe the size of an explosion, usually ofIt is equal to the energy released by the explosion of 1 short ton of TNT (trinitrotoluene), by definition 4.184 × 109 joules.

Usually expressed as kilotons, abbr KT, (1 kiloton = 4.184 terajoules) or megatons, abbr MT (1 megaton = 4.184 petajoules). A 1-megaton air-burst bomb blast destroys wood frame buildings five to seven miles from the blast site. The extent of the damage is proportional to the cube root of the energy released; a 27-megaton bomb would destroy such buildings fifteen to twenty-one miles away. Meteor strikes Mare Nubium on the Moon, José M. Madiedo, José L. Ortiz, Nicolás Morales and Jesús Cabrera-Caño. A large lunar impact blast on 2013 September 11. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 439, pages 2364–2369 (). Had the same object struck Earth, as much as 32 tons would have been released. Little Boy, fission bomb dropped on Hiroshima, B-61, modern Americannuclear bomb. 100 - 500 kilotons Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co. Fireball (superbolide) that exploded over Chelyabinsk, Don Yeomans and Paul Chodas.

"Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013." Tsar Bomba, fusion bomb tested by U.S.S.R. in La Garita Caldera, Colorado. Ben G. Mason, David M. Pyle and Clive Oppenheimer. The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth. Bulletin of Volcanology, vol 66, pages 735–748 () Impact of asteroid that created Chicxulub crater, Yucatan. Curt Covey, Stanley L. Thompson, Paul R. Weissman and Michael C. MacCracken. Global climatic effects of atmospheric dust from an asteroid or comet impact on Earth. Global and Planetary Change, vol 9, issues 3-4, pages 263-273 (). a. In order to provide a yardstick for rating the total energy release of a nuclear detonation, it has become the practice to express the total yield of a nuclear device in terms of a TNT energyFor example, if the total energy of the blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation released by a nuclear weapon is the same as the

energy released by the detonation of 1,000 tons of TNT, the nuclear weapon is rated as a 1,000-ton, or 1-kiloton, weapon. When 1 kilogram of U-235 or plutonium undergoes fission nearly one gram (1/450 pound) of matter is converted intoThis energy expressed in terms of TNT energy equivalence would be the same as for the detonation of 20,000 tons of TNT. fusion of 1 kilogram of deuterium results in the transformation of 2.65 grams of matter into energy, with an energy release equivalent to that resulting from the detonation of 57,000 tons of TNT. b. Another method of rating in common usage, and one which is often confused with the rating of energy in terms of TNT energy equivalence, is the rating of effects in terms of TNT effects equivalence, i. e., the effect of a particular phenomenon of a nuclear detonation expressed in terms of the amount of TNT which would produceAn example of TNT effect equivalence would be the expression of the crater